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Loon Magic - Wayzata Technology (8011) (1993).iso
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1993-07-26
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** HANGING ON **
Botulism
A little more time is something disease rarely gives its victims.
Probably more loons have died from disease than all other causes. In
the 1960s alone, Type E botulism killed at least 10,000 common
loons. A silent and efficient killer, botulism has been a major cause of
waterfowl deaths, killing in 1952 five million ducks in the western
United States. Botulism is a disease caused by the ingestion of food
contaminated by toxin from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
In its spore stage, this microorganism is not a problem, but under
the proper conditionsmsuitable nutrients, favorable temperature and
the absence of oxygenma very powerful toxin is produced. If loons
pick up this pre-formed toxin by eating contaminated baitfish, they
can be killed by the toxin. There are six types (A through F) of
botulism: Type E is no friend of loons.
Major epidemics (termed epizootics by wildlife scientists) of Type E
have visited Lake Michigan repeatedly, destroying thousands of
loons; eight major autumn outbreaks have occurred between 1959
and 1983 and the outbreaks of 1963 and 1964 alone killed an
estimated 6,870 loons. The diagnosis of botulism E was definite.
When laboratory mice were injected with blood serum from dead
loons, the mice died. When the mice were first given Type E anti-
toxin, they lived. While gulls and other water birds were affected in
these fall die-offs, common loons were most severely affected. Why
loons? Fall is the time for the annual pre-migratory flocking and
Lake Michigan has several traditional staging areas where hundreds
or even thousands of loons congregate.
Just how the disease is transmitted is perplexing. Normally loons
eat only live fish, and botulism toxin is rarely present in samples of
live, healthy fish. Possibly, loons eat sick baitfish in which the levels
of the botulism toxin are present but low. Since botulism is not a
significant problem in most of the loon's range (Lake Michigan has
had the only major occurrences), the resistance of loons to botulism
is probably very low. Some bird species, like the turkey vulture
whose appetite for carrion is well-known, can resist 100,000 times as
much Type C botulism as a pigeon. Although loons haven't been
tested, they would, no doubt, be closer to pigeons in their resistance
to botulism.
A study of a 1983 botulism outbreak, conducted by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife's National Wildlife Health Laboratory in Madison,
Wisconsin, concluded that between October 10 and 31 at least 582
loons died of botulism Type E in the Lake Michigan waters off the
Garden Peninsula. Because of probable removal by scavengers and
winds which kept many dead birds offshore, the mortality estimate
is conservative. As many as twenty-two dead birds per mile washed
up on the beach.
Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of botulism E, but could
not pinpoint the source. The possibility of contamination from large
numbers of dead pink salmon was considered, but since loons are not
scavengers this theory was rejected. Five species of baitfish found on
the beach were collected and analyzed; three species - burbot,
alewife and smeltmtested positive for botulism E. Both smelt and
alewife are common loon prey. While there is a possibility that the
botulism toxins formed after the baitfish died, there is a stronger
possibility that moribund prey, with botulism E, were eaten by loons.
National Wildlife Health Lab researcher Christopher Brand
commented in an interview that no feasible control or prevention
methods yet exist to protect loons from botulism. The bacteria will
always be present and loons, most likely migrants from Canadian
nesting areas, will likely return to their traditional stopping places en
route to the Atlantic or Gulf coasts. Since it would be impossible to
keep loons off thousands of square miles of Lake Michigan, botulism
E may continue to be an unavoidable and substantial source of
natural loon mortality.
*****